TaxBullUK capital gains tax

Take home pay rates and thresholds

Income tax bands for the rest of the UK and for Scotland, National Insurance and student loans, one row per tax year.

These are the figures behind the take home pay calculator, and they are also how a salary turns into the taxable income the capital gains calculator needs. Get the band wrong and the gain is charged at the wrong Capital Gains Tax rate, which is why the two tools read one table.

A band in these tables is a width of taxable income, which is how the legislation writes it. It is not a salary threshold. The salary figure beside each band assumes the full personal allowance of £12,570, which is the allowance for every year held here. It also allows for the way that allowance is withdrawn above the income limit, which is why the top two bands do not simply run twelve and a half thousand pounds higher than their taxable edges. No pension contribution, no other allowance and no relief is assumed.

These are the figures the calculator on this site applies. It reads the same table this page prints, so a band on this page cannot quietly differ from the figure in a report.

Income tax, rest of the UK

Income tax bands for England, Wales and Northern Ireland. A band is a width of taxable income, and the salary figure beside it is what that band edge is worth as pay once the personal allowance and the bands below it are accounted for.
Tax year Personal allowance Basic rate Higher rate Additional rate Where the figure comes from
2026/27 £12,570 20%£37,700 wide, to £50,270 of salary 40%£87,440 wide, to £125,140 of salary 45%on taxable income above £125,140, which is £125,140 of salary once the allowance has gone Rates and thresholds for employers 2026 to 2027 (gov.uk), Scottish bands cross-checked against gov.uk/scottish-income-tax. Read 2026-09-22.Also read: gov.uk
2025/26 £12,570 20%£37,700 wide, to £50,270 of salary 40%£87,440 wide, to £125,140 of salary 45%on taxable income above £125,140, which is £125,140 of salary once the allowance has gone Rates and thresholds for employers 2025 to 2026 (gov.uk), Scottish bands cross-checked against the Scottish Government's own rates and bands table for 2025 to 2026. Plan 5 student loan repayments did not begin until April 2026, so no Plan 5 threshold is held for this year rather than a guessed one. Read 2026-09-22.Also read: gov.scot
2024/25 £12,570 20%£37,700 wide, to £50,270 of salary 40%£87,440 wide, to £125,140 of salary 45%on taxable income above £125,140, which is £125,140 of salary once the allowance has gone Rates and thresholds for employers 2024 to 2025 (gov.uk). This is the year the Scottish Advanced rate arrived, splitting the old 42% band at £75,000. Plan 5 student loan repayments did not begin until April 2026, so no Plan 5 threshold is held for this year rather than a guessed one. Read 2026-09-22.
2023/24 £12,570 20%£37,700 wide, to £50,270 of salary 40%£87,440 wide, to £125,140 of salary 45%on taxable income above £125,140, which is £125,140 of salary once the allowance has gone Rates and thresholds for employers 2023 to 2024 (gov.uk), with the employee Class 1 main rate taken as HMRC's own annualised figure of 11.5% from NIM01625. Read carefully: the main rate was NOT flat that year. It was 12% from 6 April 2023 to 5 January 2024 and 10% from 6 January 2024 to 5 April 2024. This table holds one rate per year, so it holds the annual earnings period rate HMRC publish for exactly that problem: (275 / 366 x 12) + (91 / 366 x 10) = 11.5. That is the right answer for a whole year of even pay and for a company director, and it is not what any single payslip showed. The 2% rate above the upper earnings limit did not change. Scotland had five bands in 2023/24, with no Advanced rate and a 47% top rate. Plan 5 student loan repayments did not begin until April 2026, so no Plan 5 threshold is held for this year. Read 2026-09-22.Also read: gov.uk

Income tax, Scotland

Scottish income tax bands. They apply to earnings, pensions and property income only. Savings interest and dividends are taxed at the UK wide rates in the UK wide bands for a Scottish taxpayer too.
Tax year Starter rate Scottish basic rate Intermediate rate Higher rate Advanced rate Top rate Where the figure comes from
2026/27 19%£3,967 wide, to £16,537 of salary 20%£12,989 wide, to £29,526 of salary 21%£14,136 wide, to £43,662 of salary 42%£31,338 wide, to £75,000 of salary 45%£62,710 wide, to £125,140 of salary 48%on taxable income above £125,140, which is £125,140 of salary once the allowance has gone Rates and thresholds for employers 2026 to 2027 (gov.uk), Scottish bands cross-checked against gov.uk/scottish-income-tax. Read 2026-09-22.Also read: gov.uk
2025/26 19%£2,827 wide, to £15,397 of salary 20%£12,094 wide, to £27,491 of salary 21%£16,171 wide, to £43,662 of salary 42%£31,338 wide, to £75,000 of salary 45%£62,710 wide, to £125,140 of salary 48%on taxable income above £125,140, which is £125,140 of salary once the allowance has gone Rates and thresholds for employers 2025 to 2026 (gov.uk), Scottish bands cross-checked against the Scottish Government's own rates and bands table for 2025 to 2026. Plan 5 student loan repayments did not begin until April 2026, so no Plan 5 threshold is held for this year rather than a guessed one. Read 2026-09-22.Also read: gov.scot
2024/25 19%£2,306 wide, to £14,876 of salary 20%£11,685 wide, to £26,561 of salary 21%£17,101 wide, to £43,662 of salary 42%£31,338 wide, to £75,000 of salary 45%£62,710 wide, to £125,140 of salary 48%on taxable income above £125,140, which is £125,140 of salary once the allowance has gone Rates and thresholds for employers 2024 to 2025 (gov.uk). This is the year the Scottish Advanced rate arrived, splitting the old 42% band at £75,000. Plan 5 student loan repayments did not begin until April 2026, so no Plan 5 threshold is held for this year rather than a guessed one. Read 2026-09-22.
2023/24 19%£2,162 wide, to £14,732 of salary 20%£10,956 wide, to £25,688 of salary 21%£17,974 wide, to £43,662 of salary 42%£94,048 wide, to £125,140 of salary 47%on taxable income above £125,140, which is £125,140 of salary once the allowance has gone not in force Rates and thresholds for employers 2023 to 2024 (gov.uk), with the employee Class 1 main rate taken as HMRC's own annualised figure of 11.5% from NIM01625. Read carefully: the main rate was NOT flat that year. It was 12% from 6 April 2023 to 5 January 2024 and 10% from 6 January 2024 to 5 April 2024. This table holds one rate per year, so it holds the annual earnings period rate HMRC publish for exactly that problem: (275 / 366 x 12) + (91 / 366 x 10) = 11.5. That is the right answer for a whole year of even pay and for a company director, and it is not what any single payslip showed. The 2% rate above the upper earnings limit did not change. Scotland had five bands in 2023/24, with no Advanced rate and a 47% top rate. Plan 5 student loan repayments did not begin until April 2026, so no Plan 5 threshold is held for this year. Read 2026-09-22.Also read: gov.uk

National Insurance

Employee Class 1 National Insurance. The thresholds are gross pay, not taxable income, so the personal allowance does not come into them.
Tax year Primary threshold Upper earnings limit Main rate Rate above the limit Note on the year Where the figure comes from
2026/27 £12,570 £50,270 8% 2% none Rates and thresholds for employers 2026 to 2027 (gov.uk), Scottish bands cross-checked against gov.uk/scottish-income-tax. Read 2026-09-22.Also read: gov.uk
2025/26 £12,570 £50,270 8% 2% none Rates and thresholds for employers 2025 to 2026 (gov.uk), Scottish bands cross-checked against the Scottish Government's own rates and bands table for 2025 to 2026. Plan 5 student loan repayments did not begin until April 2026, so no Plan 5 threshold is held for this year rather than a guessed one. Read 2026-09-22.Also read: gov.scot
2024/25 £12,570 £50,270 8% 2% none Rates and thresholds for employers 2024 to 2025 (gov.uk). This is the year the Scottish Advanced rate arrived, splitting the old 42% band at £75,000. Plan 5 student loan repayments did not begin until April 2026, so no Plan 5 threshold is held for this year rather than a guessed one. Read 2026-09-22.
2023/24 £12,570 £50,270 11.5% 2% National Insurance changed mid year in 2023/24. The employee main rate was 12% to 5 January 2024 and 10% from 6 January 2024, so this figure uses HMRC's own annualised rate of 11.5% for an annual earnings period (NIM01625). It is the whole year position, not the figure on any one payslip. Rates and thresholds for employers 2023 to 2024 (gov.uk), with the employee Class 1 main rate taken as HMRC's own annualised figure of 11.5% from NIM01625. Read carefully: the main rate was NOT flat that year. It was 12% from 6 April 2023 to 5 January 2024 and 10% from 6 January 2024 to 5 April 2024. This table holds one rate per year, so it holds the annual earnings period rate HMRC publish for exactly that problem: (275 / 366 x 12) + (91 / 366 x 10) = 11.5. That is the right answer for a whole year of even pay and for a company director, and it is not what any single payslip showed. The 2% rate above the upper earnings limit did not change. Scotland had five bands in 2023/24, with no Advanced rate and a 47% top rate. Plan 5 student loan repayments did not begin until April 2026, so no Plan 5 threshold is held for this year. Read 2026-09-22.Also read: gov.uk

Student loans

Student loan and postgraduate loan repayment thresholds. Repayment is a percentage of gross pay above the threshold, and a plan that had not started in a year is shown as not in force rather than given a borrowed threshold.
Tax year Plan 1 Plan 2 Plan 4 Plan 5 Postgraduate Where the figure comes from
2026/27 £26,900at 9% £29,385at 9% £33,795at 9% £25,000at 9% £21,000at 6% Rates and thresholds for employers 2026 to 2027 (gov.uk), Scottish bands cross-checked against gov.uk/scottish-income-tax. Read 2026-09-22.Also read: gov.uk
2025/26 £26,065at 9% £28,470at 9% £32,745at 9% not in force £21,000at 6% Rates and thresholds for employers 2025 to 2026 (gov.uk), Scottish bands cross-checked against the Scottish Government's own rates and bands table for 2025 to 2026. Plan 5 student loan repayments did not begin until April 2026, so no Plan 5 threshold is held for this year rather than a guessed one. Read 2026-09-22.Also read: gov.scot
2024/25 £24,990at 9% £27,295at 9% £31,395at 9% not in force £21,000at 6% Rates and thresholds for employers 2024 to 2025 (gov.uk). This is the year the Scottish Advanced rate arrived, splitting the old 42% band at £75,000. Plan 5 student loan repayments did not begin until April 2026, so no Plan 5 threshold is held for this year rather than a guessed one. Read 2026-09-22.
2023/24 £22,015at 9% £27,295at 9% £27,660at 9% not in force £21,000at 6% Rates and thresholds for employers 2023 to 2024 (gov.uk), with the employee Class 1 main rate taken as HMRC's own annualised figure of 11.5% from NIM01625. Read carefully: the main rate was NOT flat that year. It was 12% from 6 April 2023 to 5 January 2024 and 10% from 6 January 2024 to 5 April 2024. This table holds one rate per year, so it holds the annual earnings period rate HMRC publish for exactly that problem: (275 / 366 x 12) + (91 / 366 x 10) = 11.5. That is the right answer for a whole year of even pay and for a company director, and it is not what any single payslip showed. The 2% rate above the upper earnings limit did not change. Scotland had five bands in 2023/24, with no Advanced rate and a 47% top rate. Plan 5 student loan repayments did not begin until April 2026, so no Plan 5 threshold is held for this year. Read 2026-09-22.Also read: gov.uk

A year outside these tables is refused by name. The calculator will not answer for 2019/20 with this year's rates and print last year's label on it.

Every row here carries the source the figure was read from. A row that carries none is not printed, and a short line says which year was left out instead. That is deliberate. A rate with nothing behind it is the one most likely to be wrong and the hardest for a reader to check.

The other rate tables

Capital Gains Tax rates and allowancesThe annual exempt amount and the two rates, with the 30 October 2024 change named on the year it fell in. Income tax allowances and limitsThe personal allowance, the higher rate limit and the savings allowances, year by year. Dividend tax rates and allowanceThe dividend allowance and the ordinary, upper and additional rates. Stamp duty rates and bandsSDLT, LBTT and LTT, one row per dated schedule, with the statute that set it.

All rates and allowances

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